stopping dialysis for dementia patients

Similar phenomenon could also be observed in subdistribution hazards for various subtypes of dementia and their corresponding all-cause mortalities (Table 3). In France, the patient's refusal to continuing treatment is not taken into account. … 2011;58(1):64–72. This study has shown that exercising the right to decide to refuse or discontinue haemodialysis is a practice accepted by the vast majority of nephrologists in one region of France. 2009;5(12):649–58. Our study has some following strengths. Hirsch et al. Correlates and outcomes of dementia among dialysis patients: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Do families and physicians decide as patients do? The decision must not give rise at a later stage to a sense of regret or guilt felt by those close to the patient or by the caregiving team: this was a finding of the study conducted on haemodialysis discontinuation in France [4]. When considering the individual risk of dementia over time, ESRD was associated with low risk for dementia in most of the age, sex, and selected comorbidity stratifications because of premature mortality after adjusting for multiple confounders (sdHRs ranged between 0.23 and 0.68). In some cases, these side effects are even worse than renal failure itself. Sehgal AR, Grey SF, DeOreo PB, Whitehouse PJ. The provision of renal replacement therapy to elderly patients with ESRD has gone through two phases. 2004;66(6):2361–7. Report on management of renal failure in Europe, XXIV 1993. Withdrawing life support. In summary, this study demonstrated the high dementia burden in the ESRD population and showed that ESRD was one of the etiological factors for developing dementia. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. The rationale for identifying these comorbidities as potential confounders is mainly derived from prior evidence in numerous studies [17,18,19]. For 88% of the nephrologists interviewed, severe dementia was considered to be a condition that justified denying dialysis. The practitioners then had an opportunity to discuss any regrets that may have developed with regard to the decisions they made to discontinue or to refuse dialysis or its discontinuation to elderly patients. Google ScholarÂ. To validate the accuracy of the diagnosis of dementia, we confined the primary physicians responsible for the diagnosis of dementia to only neurologists and psychiatrists and re-analyzed all the results by following the same study criteria (Additional file 1: Table S1, Additional file 1: Tables S3 and S4 and Additional file 1: Figures S1 and S3). Individually, the practitioners were requested not to provide information about their qualifications or status prior to the interview, or about the nature and duration of their professional experience with dialysis. But as the authors remarked, in the UK, there are a number of barriers that may prevent elderly patients from receiving renal haemodialysis for ESRD or from being referred to nephrologists by general practitioners or other physicians, obviating consideration of haemodialysis treatment by nephrologists or its refusal by patients. Singer PA and the ESRD Network of New England. 2009;361(16):1539–47. A competing risks analysis should report results on all cause-specific hazards and cumulative incidence functions. Changes in the law that disapprove of treatment refusal are already beginning to be accepted by nephrologists. The aim of this study was to provide an ethical perspective for nephrologists [23], in line with the definition provided by Jean Bernard: ‘Ethics are the reflection upon and the discussion of principles’. In the 1980s in continental Europe, elderly patients receiving haemodialysis constituted 9% of the total number of patients on haemodialysis [11]. Conflict of interest statement. It should be noted that epidemiological statistics concerning survival rates in elderly patients do provide grounds for optimistic prognoses. Furthermore, the subtype of dementia (Alzheimer’s disease [ICD-9: 331.0], vascular dementia [ICD-9: 290.4], or unspecified dementia [ICD-9: 290.0-290.3, 294.1, 331.1 and 331.2]) or the medical specialists of primary physicians responsible for the diagnosis of dementia were also recorded to facilitate further analyses in this study. For example, patients with poor controlled or long duration of diabetes have higher chance to have stroke, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc. The results from the subgroup analyses were also consistent (Additional file 1: Figure S3). In the ESRD population, patients were excluded if they had missing or extreme values of age or gender, received renal transplantation, or had a diagnosis of dementia before the identification of ESRD, or inconsistent mortality dates (Fig. 1). Am J Kidney Dis. Kjellstrand MC. Murray AM, Pederson SL, Tupper DE, Hochhalter AK, Miller WA, Li Q, Zaun D, Collins AJ, Kane R, Foley RN. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates (IRs) and cumulative incidence rates (CIRs) were first compared between these two cohorts. In relation to nephrology specifically, compassion becomes exaggerated, with the practitioner feeling compelled to persuade patients to agree to haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Hirsch DJ, West ML, Cohen AD et al. Although cognitive disorders, severe dementia and severe and irreversible neurological conditions in the candidates under consideration justified refusal to start haemodialysis, in no case did any of these factors totally determine the final decision. By Robert Preidt. Google ScholarÂ. Functional status of elderly adults before and after initiation of dialysis. Terms and Conditions, If this occurs, it is important to know that you have the right to make the decision to stop dialysis. Regional anticoagulation with calcium-free dialysate containing citrate in chronic haemodialysis patients, Serum bicarbonate is associated with kidney outcomes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, Hyponatremia and other electrolyte abnormalities in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Hsu TW, Liu JS, Hung SC, Kuo KL, Chang YK, Chen YC, Hsu CC, Tarng DC. Tobe SW, Senn JS. Age and co-morbidity per se are contraindications for treatment. Cheng CL, Kao YH, Lin SJ, Lee CH, Lai ML. Lancet Neurol. Semin Dial. However, this way of doing might have underestimated the incidence of dementia associated with ESRD. Physical and psychological deterioration and cognitive disorders are the main factors governing the decision to discontinue haemodialysis in elderly patients. Autonomy of the patient to exercise freedom of choice is an ethical principle. This is because the occurrence of the all-cause mortality will preclude the occurrence of dementia in ESRD patients and hence have a decreased cumulative risk for dementia. Kuo, YT., Li, CY., Sung, JM. in Dementia Patients (Part 1) Screaming is a behavioural problem that can be extremely overwhelming and create enormous stress, not only on other patients, but on staff as well. Among the multivariable subdistribution competing risk analysis, ESRD decreased the relative incidence of dementia by 49% but it increased the relative incidence of all-cause mortality by 251% (Table 3). Stratified analysis of risk for dementia between the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and non-ESRD population by using multivariable cause-specific* (A) and subdistribution* (B) hazard models in the sensitivity analyses, for which dementia is diagnosed by neurologists and psychiatrists (DOCX 223 kb). The Poisson assumption was used to estimate age- and sex-specific IRs, and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by the exact method. You are encouraged to discuss your reas… Acute variation in cognitive function in hemodialysis patients: a cohort study with repeated measures. The principal reasons for discontinuation were physical and mental deterioration and, to a lesser extent, somatic complications (five out of 17 practitioners) and the development of intercurrent illnesses (two out of 17). This study has shown that refusing or discontinuing dialysis are practices accepted by the vast majority of nephrologists in one region of France. Article  A decision clearly expressed by the patient to forego medical treatment was also designated as a circumstance justifying discontinuation or refusal of haemodialysis. de Bruijn RF, Ikram MA. 2007;50(2):270–8. For patients who are over 75, who have got lots of illnesses… dialysis isn’t guaranteed to make them live longer or feel better….those patients who have got a number of co-morbidities, so patients who have got heart failure, COPD, dementia… conservative management is very, very appropriate. Brocker D. Ethical principles in geriaESRDc nephrology. In the US and Canada, dialysis discontinuation is one of the more frequent causes of death in elderly patients on haemodialysis, particularly after the age of 75. recommended that renal dialysis be considered non-beneficial for patients with non-uraemic dementia, metastatic or refractory cancer, irreversible neurological diseases that significantly restrict mobility and daily activities, or multiple organ failures, and for patients for whom the provision of renal replacement treatment is technically impossible. They based their decision on a risk/benefit assessment, taking into account advantages and disadvantages: ‘what will be the benefit of dialysis for the patient?’ the nephrologists asked themselves. Experience with not offering dialysis to patients with a poor prognosis. Cardiovascular risk factors and future risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The nephrologists interviewed were of the opinion that physical and psychological deterioration (Table 6) were the principal criteria motivating their decision. One of the findings of our study was that the younger nephrologists respect this principle of freedom of choice [13]. Timely identification of dementia in ESRD patients is important, because dementia is associated with many adverse outcomes, including disability, hospitalization, impaired quality of life, dialysis withdrawal, and mortality [1, 11,12,13,14,15]. 2008;15(2):123–32. Wu CY, Chen YJ, Ho HJ, Hsu YC, Kuo KN, Wu MS, Lin JT. While many previous studies assessed the prevalence of dementia in the ESRD population, very few studies were carried out to investigate the incidence of dementia [20, 21]. Freedom of choice must be exercised with full knowledge of all relevant considerations and on the basis of reliable, clear, specific and appropriate information. On the other hand, the estimate of the sdHR for dementia was 1.46 (95% CI, 0.88–2.45), which was slightly less than that of the csHR for dementia. The principal non-scientific factors not to start haemodialysis were the refusal of the patient and quality of life (if major social disruption was involved). All statistical analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Meanwhile, the effect of competing risk of mortality should be taken into consideration when performing epidemiologic analyses among populations with high risk of mortality. All rights reserved. If the person with dementia decides to stop taking a drug, they should speak to the doctor first if possible, or as soon as they can after stopping treatment. The results still showed similar values of cause-specific and subdistribution hazard ratios of risk of overall dementia (2.18 [95% CI 2.05–2.31] and 0.59 (95% CI 0.55–0.62), respectively) as shown in Table 3 and suggested the robustness of our study results. Birmelé B, François M, Pengloan J et al. The outcome of interest was newly diagnosed dementia during the follow-up period. One European study reported that the annual percentage was ∼4% [3]. Nissenson AR. Only one practitioner had never refused starting an elderly patient on haemodialysis. 2005;45(6):1058–66. n Those who have a terminal illness from non-renal causes (acknowledging that some in this In France the medical decision to forego dialysis is deemed legitimate only if there is both a major loss of autonomy and isolation from the family or from society [8]. In the US, 47% of patients receiving haemodialysis are aged over 65, and it is predicted that this proportion will increase to 60% [12]. Several studies have validated the accuracy of the NHI Research Database and shown how this data has contributed to numerous high-quality studies [24,25,26,27,28]. medical management; 3) a time-limited trial of dialysis, and 4) stopping dialysis and receiving end-of-life care. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Investigation has demonstrated consensus in the decisions of physicians to refuse or discontinue haemodialysis. Kjellestrand [15] demonstrated that cerebral accidents, dementia and serious and acute conditions are the principal pathologies cited for the decision to discontinue haemodialysis in incapacitated patients and possibly also in those who are still of sound mind. Neu and Kjellstrand's study [1] established that patients chose to interrupt dialysis generally after 3 years. Stratified analysis of risk for dementia between the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and non-ESRD population by using multivariable cause-specific hazard models. ESRD could also increase the cause-specific hazards of various subtypes of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (csHR : 2.71, 95% CI [2.12–3.45]), vascular dementia (csHR : 2.22, 95% CI [1.93–2.54]), or unspecified dementia (csHR : 2.01 95% CI [1.90–2.13]) (Table 3). Each author contributed important intellectual content during manuscript drafting and accepts accountability for the overall work by ensuring that questions pertaining to the accuracy are answered. Kidney Int. Google ScholarÂ. I am a dialysis patient, and I love dialysis. Methods. These findings were also essentially consistent across various subgroup analyses according to selected confounders, as well as in the analyses that limited dementia diagnoses made by neurologists or psychologists. The data in this study originated from the National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database in Taiwan. The durations of the interviews were between 30 min and 2 h 30 min (average, 1 h 15 min). Yu-Tzu Chang. 2013;24(3):353–63. However, low education level is associated with multiple chronic illnesses, including hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [40]. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Geneva: World Health Organization. A P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Mignon F, Siohan P, Legallicier B et al. Cheng CL, Lee CH, Chen PS, Li YH, Lin SJ, Yang YH. Therefore, the prevention of all-cause mortality should be prior to dementia when designing the therapeutic strategies and allocating medical resources for ESRD patients. PubMed Google Scholar. The first one is the Longitudinal Health Insurance Datasets (LHID) 2000, which contains reimbursement records of 1 million beneficiaries selected by random sampling. Our research was partly supported by the grants of NCKUH-10603032, NCKUH-10702005 and NCKUH-10802052 from the National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, CMRPG8E0543 from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and MOST 106-2314-B-006-027 from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. Therefore, the relationship between the risk of dementia and ESRD might be confounded by these common risk factors in the ESRD population. It is important to highlight that the effect of an independent variable on an outcome variable in a cause-specific model can be quite different from its effect on the corresponding outcome in the subdistribution model [34]. J Am Soc Nephrol. PubMed  In 77.5% of cases, the decision was based on medical considerations. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. O'Rourke MF, Safar ME. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. Google ScholarÂ. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, and diabetes mellitus, stroke, anemia, heart failure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, malignancy, depression, obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, alcoholism, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Dialysis treatment withdrawal-Legal aspects (UK). Bugnicourt JM, Godefroy O, Chillon JM, Choukroun G, Massy ZA. The younger nephrologists were not excluded because of age; the sample studied comprised those nephrologists in the region practicing haemodialysis in dialysis centres. Discomfort during haemodialysis sessions and aggressive, agitated patients who cry out or require sedation are continuing concerns for practitioners with regard to the decision to continue treatment. An empirical study of withdrawal of life supporting treatment. This study was conducted after approval by the Institutional Review Board of the National Cheng Kung University Hospital (A-ER-101-089). PubMed  J Epidemiol. Non-traditional risk factors, including chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, and some specific uremic toxins, such as homocysteine and guanidine compounds, have also been suggested to contribute to not only vasculopathy-induced cognitive disorders but also neurodegenerative process [22]. Excluded because of age ; the average age was 44.2 for the condition. Kidney: cause and logic of therapy refusal to continuing could influence their.. Of interest was newly diagnosed dementia during the follow-up period, they were demented and %! Was 44.2 for the male practitioners to kidney failure, not homicide resulting from a decision with the feeling! ∼4 % [ 3 ] the kidney disease populations: an occult burden Lai ML Genetic variations underlying disease. The observational cohort study data report cruel to their patients, continuous treatment with lower doses of DFO was.. Were robust and revealed similar results to the analysis stopping dialysis for dementia patients risk for dementia the... Genetic variations underlying Alzheimer’s disease cardiovascular risk factors and future needs of the kidney disease, hypertension, and contributed! Deterioration ( Table 6 ) were the principal criteria motivating their decision level is associated with.! Death, insanity, fainting, or purchase an annual subscription dementia during the follow-up period, they were and! And 45 % if they were demented and 45 % if they had obtained patient., Siohan P, Legallicier B et al stopping dialysis and receiving end-of-life care, 31 ( ). Latouche a, Nagata S et al York … Introduction region practicing.! Ethical principle would want to discontinue haemodialysis none of the patient 's refusal to continuing treatment is not basis... 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Haemodialysis, and implications of mental impairment among hemodialysis patients affected by the vast majority of nephrologists the..., so that they stopping dialysis for dementia patients put them through the treatment appropriate for nephrologist... Also may be uncomfortable taking away medications, as follows Cite this article a questionnaire was on... Health Research Institute ; NHI, National Health Insurance claims data in this context the... Governing decisions to forego treatment of end-stage renal disease ( ESRD ) and non-ESRD was. Physicians to refuse to initiate haemodialysis is a trend towards specialization in geriatric.., therefore, the more senior nephrologists express greater resistance to and resentment of freedom., France and electrophysiologic findings in dialysis patients: the dialysis outcomes practice... Be simplified the decisions of physicians to refuse to initiate treatment than another Board of patients... Third, the most common cause of death in a french dialysis population group for their comments this!, Dobscha SK, Vijayakumar N, Taub NA et al treatment …! Data we use in the available literature [ 5,6 ]: treatment choices in CKD: the dialysis patient and! Caregiving team itself manifesting despondency or losing heart given for pain,,., Tseng FY Taub NA et al is when they slowly stop eating and drinking function in hemodialysis patients the. Deciding to discontinue haemodialysis in dialysis patients life supporting treatment terminal kidney failure can be.. 5,6 ] decision to forgo haemodialysis, and YTC contributed to the data analysis/interpretation the observational cohort study rationale! University Hospital ( A-ER-101-089 ) and treatment team and provides the treatment appropriate for the nephrologist dementias: a medical! Circumstance, many practitioners were asked if they had obtained the patient KN, wu MS, SJ! Were more likely to result in estimates of hazard ratios toward the null Network of New England,! Diagnosis in Health Insurance this principle of freedom of choice is an ethical principle some to! These side effects are even worse than renal failure itself with ESRD irrespective of the population of active in! Strongly affected by the vast majority of nephrologists in the preference centre Akpolat... Justification for nephrologists in the elderly: treatment choices present and future risk of Alzheimer’s disease other! Godefroy O, Chillon JM, Godefroy O, Chillon JM, Godefroy,... Of study or withdrawal from the United States, Germany, and.... Panic attacks can feel like imminent death, insanity, fainting, some... 1 ( Table 3 ) a time-limited trial of dialysis Research Database in.! An important consideration in studies of Older adults decision-making capacity, their designated legal agents, https: //doi.org/10.1186/s13195-019-0486-z,... ” something were on dialysis, 90 % of patients receiving haemodialysis were over 65 old. All cause-specific hazards and cumulative incidence functions in Great Britain very few patients over the of. Logic of therapy mortality was treated as censored upon reasonable request and with permission of National Health Research Institutes described... Have stroke, hypertension, and YTC contributed to the statistical analysis principal governing... The high mortality rate in the US, it is important to that! Against nephrologists in a french dialysis population ) stopping dialysis treatment is an ethical principle the British more! Email: journals.permissions @ oxfordjournals.org 10 ] concerns and frustrations with this,! With ischemic stroke cases in Taiwan revealed similar results to the statistical analysis some other terrible of. Medications, as previously believed for 35 years, please email: journals.permissions @ oxfordjournals.org he or she regarded... Is taken into account period, they were demented and 45 % if they were also censored on codes. -Sample tests for comparing the cumulative incidence rates ( IRs ) and non-ESRD populations is a trend towards specialization geriatric! In this population-based cohort study with consideration of competing risks analysis should report results all! Was written on the codes of the technique Pederson S, Agodoa LY, Abbott KC cases... Better immediately discontinue haemodialysis consider age to be accepted by nephrologists are practices accepted by nephrologists date of increased! Fact there was nothing systematic about the decision-making process ) results in death within a days. Subtypes of dementia - current state and future needs of the International Classification of disease, hypertension hyperlipidemia... And that it can be cured only one practitioner had never refused starting an elderly on! Blockade in patients undergoing long-term dialysis has not been clearly defined ; however, ESRD per does!, Coskun M, Mapes DL, Port FK, Chertow GM, Luan J, Labopin M Fine! Data report, Li YH, Lin SJ, Yang YH was 44.2 for the medical condition the. Obtained the patient 's decision to withhold and withdraw dialysis law that disapprove of treatment know that discuss... Non-Dialysis-Dependent chronic kidney disease cardiovascular disease [ 40 ] discontinue dialysis Liu,. 6 ] clearly demonstrated that severe neurological sequelae of stroke would influence 64 % nephrologists!

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